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Stone worked as a sound engineer for Olivia Records from about to , resigning as the controversy over a trans woman working for a lesbian-identified enterprise increased.

In , with regard to the question of whether trans women are women, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie expressed the view that "trans women are trans women", meaning that while she acknowledges them to face discrimination on the basis of being transgender and sees this as a serious issue, she thinks that their experiences should not be conflated with those of women who face oppression on the basis of being born female.

Otherwise, cisgender feminist support came from the work of poststructuralist feminist and lesbian Judith Butler , particularly her books Gender Trouble and Bodies That Matter , which argue that the "violent inscription" of gender as a social construct on human bodies leads to violence against those that violate such binaristic gender dichotomies.

Feminists who oppose the inclusion of trans women in women's spaces have been labeled " TERFs ", short for "trans-exclusionary radical feminists".

Transphobia is documented in the lesbian , gay and bisexual LGB communities, despite historic cooperation between these communities in campaigns for equality, such as in the Stonewall Riots.

Historian Joanne Meyerowitz documented transphobia within the gay rights movement in the mid 20th century in response to publicity surrounding the transition of Christine Jorgensen.

Jorgensen, who made frequent homophobic remarks and insisted she was not connected to or identified with gay men, was a polarizing figure among activists:.

In , for example, ONE magazine published a debate among its readers as to whether gay men should denounce Jorgensen. In the opening salvo, the author Jeff Winters accused Jorgensen of a "sweeping disservice" to gay men.

Several prominent figures in second wave feminism have also been accused of transphobic attitudes, culminating in with the publication of The Transsexual Empire by radical lesbian feminist Janice Raymond , who popularized the term shemale as derogatory slur referring to trans women in , [76] and her statements on transsexuality and transsexual people have been criticized by many in the LGBT and feminist communities as extremely transphobic and as constituting hate speech.

In s America, there was a debate among gay men and women about those who felt they were of the opposite sex. Gay men and women who were trying to melt quietly into the majority society criticized them as "freaks" who brought unwanted disreputable attention upon them.

Such attitudes were widespread at the time. Some trans men face rejection from lesbian communities they had been part of prior to transition. Journalist Louise Rafkin writes, "there are those who are feeling curiously uncomfortable standing by as friends morph into men.

Sometimes there is a generational flavor to this discomfort; many in the over crowd feel particular unease", stating that this was "shaking the foundation of the lesbian-feminist world".

In the early s, conflicts began to emerge due to different syntheses of lesbian, feminist and transgender political movements, particularly in the United States.

San Francisco trans activist and entertainer Beth Elliott became the focus of debate over whether to include transgender lesbians in the movement, and she was eventually blacklisted by her own movement.

One view is that the word bisexual is transphobic, as "bi" means "two" thus implying a belief in the binary view of gender. Some people, such as scholar Shiri Eisner, say that some make the claim that the term "erases nonbinary genders and sexes out of existence", [] as many dictionaries define bisexuality as "of, relating to, or having a sexual orientation to persons of either sex", [] "sexually attracted to both men and women" [] and other similar definitions.

However, some bisexual individuals and scholars object to the notion that bisexuality means sexual attraction to only two genders, arguing that since bisexual is not simply about attraction to two sexes and encompasses gender as well, it can include attraction to more than one [] or more than two genders [] and is occasionally defined as such.

To deal with issues related to transphobia and the gender binary, many individuals have taken on terms such as pansexual , omnisexual an alternative word for pansexual or polysexual in place of the term bisexual.

The American Institute of Bisexuality argues that these terms "describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions, and therefore people with these labels are also bisexual" [] and that the notion that bisexuality is a reinforcement of a gender binary is a concept that is founded upon "anti-science, anti-Enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many Queer Studies departments at universities across the Anglophone world".

Whether intentional or not, transphobia and cissexism have severe consequences for the target of the negative attitude. Transphobia creates significant stresses for transgender people which can lead them to feel shame, low self-esteem , alienation and inadequacy.

Transgender youth often try to cope with the stress by running away from home, dropping out of school, using drugs or self-harming.

Support from one's community or family was correlated with more positive outcomes related to mental health and social functioning. Polyvictimization can start in childhood and has consequences for adolescent health and thus adult health.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be an anxiety related disorder that comes from experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event or stressor, such as actual or threatened death, sexual violence, natural disasters, and crime.

Those who experience the most physical and relational bullying victimization and emotional distress, are biologically male youth whom others perceived as very, or mostly feminine.

Moreover, regardless of biological sex, relational bullying victimization, depression, and suicidal ideation is common among adolescents that can be perceived as anything other than very, or mostly masculine.

Repeatedly, research on the effects of aggression and violence against TGD youth and young adults shows — when compared to their cisgender peers — higher rates of PTSD, depression, non-suicidal self-injury , suicidal ideation , intent, plan, and attempts, higher rates of substance use cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana , trauma, skipping school due to safety concerns, and poorer health outcomes.

In adulthood, the effects of aggression and violence against various groups of transgender people has also been documented in domains such as mental and physical health, and safety and discrimination in the military.

Transgender related bias, or discrimination, victimization, and rejection effects transgender adults and the severity of PTSD symptoms they report.

A systematic review completed in examined 77 studies that reported mental health disparities and social stress felt by TGD adults.

The analysis found associations between TGD identity and anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance use, and suicidality , as well as added social stress factors such as violence, discrimination, and exclusion.

Links have been found between MSA experienced by transgender veterans and increased depression symptom severity, drug use, and PTSD symptom severity.

Posttraumatic stress disorder has also been associated with suicidality and substance use among adults. Further, transgender specific stigma experienced while in the military and PTSD have been associated with deaths by suicide.

Non-Hispanic White transgender veterans had increased odds of depression, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia when compared to BTV.

Specifically, transgender veterans that have a history of previous incarceration are more likely to have PTSD or to experience homelessness when compared to previously incarcerated veterans who are not transgender.

Nearly one third of U. Family and community support were correlated with significantly lower rates of homelessness and poverty.

During the year prior to the U. Family and community support were correlated with far lower rates of suicide attempts and of major psychological distress.

A study conducted on transgender women of color in San Francisco has shown a higher correlation between transphobia and risk of transgender women engaging in HIV risk behavior.

The study shows that the transgender youth face social discrimination, and they may not have a social role model. The young adults in this group have shown a higher risk of engaging in unprotected receptive anal intercourse when the exposure to transphobia is high.

Therefore, as per the study shows a correlation between transphobia and high risk of HIV. People who are transgender are more likely to experience some type of psychological distress because of the harassment and discrimination that comes with transphobia.

Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education conducted a nationwide survey on college campuses examining the psychological effects on transgender people, with a sample size of According to the study Transphobia Among Transgenders of Color by the University of California, San Francisco, transphobia affects the psychological vulnerability of transgender people of color as compared to those of other ethnicities.

Acts of transphobia such as undue denial of services, unfair dismissal from work places or stigmatization have far-reaching effects on the subjects such as low self-esteem, under-performance, stress, withdrawal or even depression.

When it comes to the minorities, who are already proven to be undergoing various forms of discrimination, the consequences are even more exaggerated.

Transgender people of color are more significantly associated with depression than their white counterparts. To help transgender people work through traumatic experiences, minority stress, and internalized transphobia, mental health practitioners have begun integrating the gender-affirmative model into cognitive behavioral therapy , [] person-centered therapy , [] and acceptance and commitment therapy.

James Gillespie 24 September The Sunday Times. Jen Izakson 19 September Morning Star. Meghan Murphy 15 September Feminist Current.

Category:LGBT culture. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hatred, irrational fear, prejudice, or discrimination against transgender people.

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate.

June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Gender identities. Health care and medicine. Rights issues.

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Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions. Rate This. Cop Jack Stone robs a Russian mob bank to end in the same prison as the mob boss killing Jack's wife.

An inmate helps him as does a reporter. Lots of fights. Director: John Lyde. Writer: Spanky Dustin Ward. Added to Watchlist. The payoff is significant, however, as Lee Sin is one of the most effective early-game junglers.

He's adept at clearing camps, ganking, and even counter-jungling his opposite number. Ekko requires preparation for effective ganking, but he offers impressive damage and potent CC if you can get everything lined up.

His ultimate makes him relatively low-risk, as he's able to dive under a tower before rewinding back to safety. The mid lane has traditionally been dominated by high-damage mages, although a few blade-wielding assassins also call the lane home.

Twisted Fate has a number of tricks up his sleeve with just one ability: Pick a Card. His ultimate, Destiny, teleports him across the map, making it easy for him to roam other lanes.

Annie is an easy-to-learn Burst mage, whose strength is stunning opponents before obliterating them with fire magic. Her long range and her Q lets her farm with relative ease without worrying about mana cost.

But if not prepared, she's susceptible to ganks. Ryze's high skill ceiling makes him a solid competitive pick. Getting him right requires a solid understanding of both his Flux and Rune systems, but when everything comes together, Ryze gains Area of Effect damage, enhanced crowd-control, and speed boosts.

His ultimate, Realm Warp, allows for everything from the simplest roams to game-winning plays, even at professional level.

One of the slipperiest League of Legends champions, Akali is the embodiment of the mid-lane assassin. Capable of flipping back and forth across the entire map seemingly at will, she deals an impressive amount of both physical and magic damage.

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